Evidence

Part of the common law series

Types of evidence

Testimony · Documentary Physical / Real · Digital Exculpatory · Scientific Demonstrative Eyewitness identification Genetic (DNA) · Lies

Relevance

Burden of proof · Laying a foundation Subsequent remedial measure Character · Habit · Similar fact

Authentication

Chain of custody Judicial notice · Best evidence rule Self-authenticating document Ancient document

Witnesses

Competence · Privilege Direct examination · Cross-examination Impeachment · Recorded recollection Expert witness · Dead man statute

Hearsay and exceptions

in English law · in United States law Confessions · Business records Excited utterance · Dying declaration Party admission · Ancient document Declarations against interest Present sense impression · Res gestae Learned treatise · Implied assertion

Other common law areas

Contract · Tort · Property Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law

v • d • e

Exculpatory evidence is the evidence favorable to the defendant in a criminal trial, which clears or tends to clear the defendant of guilt¹. It is the opposite of inculpatory evidence, which tends to prove guilt.

In many countries^{citation needed} such as the United States, police or prosecutor must disclose to the defendant any exculpatory evidence they possess. Failure to disclose can result in the dismissal of a case.

In the Brady v. Maryland decision, the U.S. Supreme Court held that such a requirement follows from constitutional due process and is consistent with the prosecutor's duty to seek justice.²

Example

A victim is murdered by stabbing and an accused person is arrested for the murder. Evidence includes a knife covered with blood near the victim and the accused found covered in blood at the murder scene by the police. During the investigation, the police interview a witness claiming to have watched the stabbing occur. The witness makes a statement to the police claiming the stabbing was by another unknown person, not the accused.

The witness' statement is exculpatory evidence, since it could introduce reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused. The police believe the witness' account is not true or the witness is unreliable and choose to not follow up on the lead.

The prosecutor is obliged to inform the accused and their attorney of the witness statement even if the police doubt the witness' version of events. If they fail to do so, the defendant would have grounds for appeal or for a motion to dismiss.

References

Refer to case California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479 (1984)

This article about a criminal law topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.