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Contract killing |
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2007) |
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| Homicide |
| Murder |
| Note: Varies by jurisdiction |
| Assassination · Child murder Consensual homicide Contract killing · Honour killing Lust murder · Lynching Mass murder · Murder-suicide Proxy murder · Ritual murder Serial killer · Spree killer Torture murder · Feticide |
| Manslaughter |
| in English law Negligent homicide Vehicular homicide |
| Non-criminal homicide |
| Note: Varies by jurisdiction |
| Justifiable homicide Capital punishment Human sacrifice Feticide |
| By victim or victims |
| Suicide |
| Family Familicide · Avunculicide Fratricide / Sororicide Mariticide / Uxoricide |
| Other Genocide / Democide Regicide / Tyrannicide |
Contract killing occurs when a private contractor or a government hires someone to kill a specific person or persons for a sum of money. Assassins have been hired for many different jobs, but casual society rarely sees contract killings being carried out. Usually such a contract involves a crime syndicate hiring a professional killer, termed a hit man. However, governments and individuals also issue contracts to kill, though it is a part of some major organizations that is kept quiet. Also, an executioner has nothing to do with the concept of contract killing, even though an executioner is indeed paid to kill people. The difference is that a contract killer can be hired to kill for any particular reason, while an executioner kills as punishment for a crime.
In most countries with judicial systems, a contract to kill a person is unenforceable by law (in the sense that the customer cannot sue for specific performance and the contract killer cannot sue for his or her pay).
Both the actual killer and their customer can be found guilty of homicide. In some jurisdictions with capital punishment, a contract killing may be a special circumstance that allows for a murder to be tried as a capital crime.
Contract killing appeals to some people partially because it can be used to establish an "airtight" alibi for the person who takes out the contract--at the time of the killing, this person can plan to be far away and in a place where many people will see him or her. At the same time, the person who actually commits the murder may have little or no direct connection to the victim, making it much more difficult for investigators to establish what has happened. By contracting out a murder, a criminal can also avoid personally committing murder, which some may be unwilling or incapable of doing, especially if they had a close relationship with the victim.
Contract killings are often, though not always, associated with organized crime, primarily because career criminals are likely to know contract killers and to believe that contracting a murder will lessen the likelihood of being caught. Depending on the region and era, contract killers have frequently been used to silence witnesses testifying against criminals or to eliminate rival criminals or politicians who refuse to take a bribe (plata o plomo - a Spanish phrase meaning literally "silver or lead" which usually translates into "money or bullet" — "accept a bribe or face assassination"1). The use of anonymous contract killers also mitigates against the formation and continuation of vendettas, which would undermine a criminal organization. An example of this was the use of Murder, Inc. by the Mafia Commission and National Crime Syndicate in the mid-20th century.
Others contract a murder in an attempt to reap some kind of financial windfall--usually as a beneficiary of the victim's insurance policies, or as heir to their estate. However, the most common motive usually involves simply ending an intimate relationship, albeit for a variety of reasons.2
Contract killers may make their crime an obvious murder, but may also try to make the death appear to be a suicide or even an accident, or may hide or destroy the body so that it is not clear to authorities that the victim is dead, only that they have disappeared.
Payment for the actual killing (usually referred to as a "hit"), is usually divided by paying part of the total price to the contract killer beforehand, and the remainder after the successful completion of the hit. This is usually done like a security bond or deposit, ensuring for the hit man or hit woman, that they will receive some portion of the pay should the client refuse to pay him or her or other issues arise and client cannot pay the full amount after the killing has been completed, and also to establish a binding relationship between the client and the hit man or hit woman, a relationship ultimately enforceable by murder.citation needed Another common arrangement is a reciprocal exchange or barter of contracts, in which two or more parties each agree to kill individuals wanted dead by the other person. In such an arrangement, suspicion is kept from the contracting party for each hit, who will usually have an alibi, as each killing is carried out by persons not known to be connected to the victim.
The actual amount for a particular hit will obviously vary considerably based on such factors as thesecitation needed:
Though figures reported in the media and in criminological studies suggest the usual fee is in the tens of thousands of dollars, this amount is obviously difficult to verify.
In some countries law enforcement agents will sometimes pose as contract killers to arrest the people trying to hire them.3
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Appearing in e-mails around December 2006 were scams claiming to be hitmen hired to kill the recipient if they did not comply with the ransom. The con artists would even place the recipients personal information if any questions were asked. A new twist in January 2007 claimed to be the FBI in London and that they had apprehended the hitman from the e-mails, and to forward information to them.4
A study by the Australian Institute of Criminology of 162 attempted or actual contract murders in Australia from 1989 to 2002 showed that the most common reason for murder for hire was "in relation to the dissolution of an intimate relationship". The study also found that the average payment for a "hit" was A$12,700 and the most commonly used weapons were firearms. Contract killings accounted for 2% of murders in Australia during that time period. 2 Contract killings make up a relatively similar percentage of all killings elsewhere. For example, they made up about 5% of all murders in Scotland from 1993 to 2002.5
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